Tuesday, June 21, 2011

Thoughts on a Word: Fair



Fair meant beautiful before it meant light-complected, not the other way around. Fair derives from Old English faeger (beautiful, lovely, pleasant), which came from the Germanic and Norse fagar and fagr for beautiful. Until the 1550s, fair was used to describe a beautiful or attractive person with no regard to the color spectrum, and indeed with not much regard to sex. "The men of this province are of a fair and comely personage, but somewhat pale," wrote the narrator of The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (circa 1357-1371).

This changed with the Elizabethan era, and with that great language alchemist, Shakespeare. The bulk of his sonnets were addressed to whom his scholars call the "Fair Youth"—and his uses of fair in these sonnets sticks with the original meaning. But the youth in question is described as having a "gold complexion"—after all, we're comparing him to a summer's day—and during this time the meaning of fair broadened to include skin tone. Just in time, too; with the arrival of Africans in England in 1551, Britons suddenly needed a term to distinguish their pale-skinned beauties from the new arrivals. (Certainly it's no coincidence that this era saw an uptick with the usage of fair to mean "morally good." That usage dates back to the 12th century, but the late 16th century introduced the phrases fair play and fair and square, setting the race status quo early on. It worked on the other side too: The 1580s saw the first use of black to mean "dark purposes," alongside its prexisting adjective use to describe dark-skinned people.)

This is also the same period during which the term "the fair sex" originated as a designation for women of a certain class. Erasmus in 1533 queried "the Artifices us'd by such of the Fair Sex as aim more at the Purses than at the Hearts of their Admirers," already using the term ironically even though it had only just then been introduced. And even jumping the pond, fair soon became a catch-all reference to American women—well, the white ones, at least—as beautiful, light-skinned, and morally virtuous. "Strategic deployment and ordinary usage of the term 'fair sex' produced white women as a special category: a racialized sex group that lost consciousness of itself as bounded by race and class, retaining the memory of its identity as one based on gender alone," write Pauline E. Schloesser in The Fair Sex: White Women and Racial Patriarchy in the Early American Republic. "Once the discourse was deployed, one understood universals like 'females,' 'ladies,' and 'the sex' to mean white and middle-class without having to make these specific references." Fair, in America, became a way of determining how western European one was. An 1850 genealogical compendium from Harvard delineated pale skin from fair skin, the former indicating an Eastern European heritage instead of the British-Germanic pink undertones of fair skin. Fair skin was also thin and soft, as opposed to the thick, hard, dry—that is, working-class—complexion of pale-skinned folk.

But all this is in the past, right? The olden days? Have you ever heard someone describe a woman as fair without referring to her complexion? Even in today's most popular use of fair outside of skin tone, My Fair Lady, we understand the term to be quaint, archaic, charming, much like the class system it mocks. (Plus, it's unlikely that Lerner and Loewe would have come across this title organically; My Fair Lady took its title from Pygmalion: Fair Eliza, one of the considered subtitles for the 1912 play that inspired the latter production. And even that was borrowed from Robert Burns's 1791 poem "Thou Fair Eliza.")

It's not in the past, though. I'd argue fair-as-beautiful continues to be relevant, even as that direct use of fair has ceased. (It's worth noting that the first-listed definition in Merriam-Webster is still "pleasing to the eye or mind," however.) Its history is encoded in its complexion reference: Fair is a less racially charged way of saying white. I've argued before that the skin-whitening creams found throughout Asia reflect a desire for class status, not whiteness per se; just as having a tan in America signifies you have the time and resources to take long beach vacations from our indoor jobs, having pale skin in Asia signifies that you've risen above menial outdoor labor. But the use of that particular word—fair—crops up time and time again with these products. Fair and White, Fair and Lovely, Fair and Flawless, Fair Lady (one of the few products recalled) are but a few of the products that use the word. So even without evoking Caucasian skin, fair conjures a particular kind of woman: not only one who is whiter-skinned than most Asians, but one who is delicate, refined, and working indoors (or not at all). Fair is aspirational.

There's another archaic use of fair that I'm seeing cropping up more and more. While most of Shakespeare's sonnets were written for the Fair Youth, a handful were penned for the Dark Lady. These were passionate, sexual sonnets, in contrast to the tenderness of the poems for the Fair Youth. We've continued this dichotomy, hypersexualizing today's "dark ladies" even if American beauty standards are finally becoming more inclusive (well, somewhat). We've got the spicy Latina; sultry, exotic women of the Middle East (surely they belly dance!); sexy squaws; and, of course, the ubiquitous bootylicious black women that populate hip-hop videos. It's not an issue of dark-skinned women being seen as less beautiful; it's an issue of them being seen as beautiful in a particular way. A way, not incidentally, that precludes them from being a part of "the fair sex," which preserves the term's original connotations of class and delicacy. Dare I go for the obvious here? It's not fair.

10 comments:

  1. "the Artifices us'd by such of the Fair Sex as aim more at the Purses than at the Hearts of their Admirers..."

    Sure, sure, like I don't hear THAT at the bank every day, Erasmus.

    The Book of Mormon describes Mary as "A virgin, most beautiful and fair above all other virgins." (1 Nephi 11:15). Beautiful AND fair! That really bugged me when I was young; as if it weren't enough to be Jesus' famously pure mother, she ALSO had to be more beautiful than anyone else.


    I love your whole "Thoughts on a Word" series. Educational, personal, and never dull.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Interesting (re: Virgin Mary). That plays into the idea of fair = pure and good. Really, the virgin/whore dynamic is set up with the idea of fairness versus darkness, in a way.

    And thank you--I'm so pleased that my years of copy editing women's magazines are going to a new purpose, and that someone appreciates them! I just love words, what can I say?

    ReplyDelete
  3. I love these articles you do on words. The sonnets reminded me of a an exercise I do in my literature classes. Too often the students don't realize that the poems were originally written to a young man.

    As for fair, I watched three African American colleagues content with one another at a meeting today. The fairest complected of them of them prevailed...

    ReplyDelete
  4. Thanks, Terri! Heh, yeah, I remember being totally shocked when I found out that these amorous poems were written to a young man. My world just about turned upside-down at the time!

    The discussion of skin tone within the black community is fascinating. I'm eager to see this documentary, "Dark Girls," if it comes to fruition: http://www.theroot.com/buzz/dark-girls-documentary-exposes-skin-color-bias

    ReplyDelete
  5. it's interesting (and sad) just how saturated our language is with these biases. it isn't just our language either, i was teaching english in mexico a few years ago and gave an assignment to my (adult) students to describe their families. one man described his wife as "very beautiful and white". i was confused at first because i knew his wife was no more light-complected than he was. it took me a minute to realize he was literally translating from the spanish, where they have a similar word that means both "beautiful" and "light-skinned". it was a compliment for him to give her, but the racial bias in it was brought home to me.

    ReplyDelete
  6. A. Maren, that's so interesting that it's that way in other languages too. It's fascinating what ESL can teach us about our own language too--I used to teach ESL as well, and I remember going over a unit about describing people and really having to look at the words we use for women's bodies, like how quickly "thin" went from being a negative word to a positive one, with "skinny" not far behind. (Also, I see your profile, Eugene represent! I went to U of O.)

    ReplyDelete
  7. So well-written, well-researched, and well-said. Thank you for spreading knowledge.

    ReplyDelete
  8. This is a fantastic website and I can not recommend you guys enough. Full of useful resource and great layout very easy on the eyes.

    ReplyDelete